충북연구원

이 연구는 충청북도의 에너지전환 여건을 종합적으로 진단하고, 향후 지속 가능한 지역
에너지 체계 구축을 위한 전략 방향을 제시하기 위해 수행되었다. 최근 기후위기 대응, 탄소중립 이행, 산업 구조 전환 등 국가적 에너지 정책 변화 속에서 충북 지역이 처한 여건과
과제를 분석하고, 이에 대응하는 실질적 정책 대안을 마련하는 것이 주요 목적이다. 연구에서는 먼저 국내외 에너지전환 정책 및 기술 산업의 현황을 검토하고, 충청북도의
에너지 수급 구조와 인프라, 더 나아가 에너지 전환을 위한 정책 수요를 분석하였다. 그
결과, 충북의 발전량은 태양광 중심으로 구성되어 있으며, 일부 지역에 발전 시설이 집중되는
불균형이 나타났다. 또한 산업·상업 부문에서 에너지 소비 비중이 높고, 신재생에너지 보급은
지역 간 편차가 큰 것으로 파악되었다. 이러한 진단을 바탕으로, 연구는 충북의 에너지전환을 위한 핵심 과제로 △재생에너지
확대와 분산형 전원체계 구축 △지역 산업의 친환경 전환 지원 △주민 참여형 에너지 거버넌스
강화 △기술 인력 양성과 지역 기업의 역량 제고 등을 제시하였다. 특히 중앙정부의 탄소중립
정책 기조에 부합하면서도 지역의 자립성과 지속성을 확보할 수 있는 실현 가능한 전략
수립의 필요성을 강조하였다. 결과적으로 본 연구는 “탄소중립 실현과 지역 상생을 위한 충북형 에너지 대전환 전략”을
제안한다. 이 전략은 에너지 공급과 수요의 균형을 바탕으로 지역 특화 자원을 활용하고, 산업 전환과 사회적 참여를 결합한 통합적 실행체계 구축을 목표로 한다. 이를 통해 충청북도가
지속 가능한 에너지전환과 지역 균형 발전을 선도할 수 있는 기반을 마련하고자 한다.

I. 서론 ································································································································· 1

1. 연구배경 및 목적 ····················································································································· 3

2. 연구내용 및 방법 ····················································································································· 6

3. 선행연구 고찰 ·························································································································· 7

II. 에너지전환 정책기술산업 분석 ··················································································· 11

1. 국내외 에너지전환 정책 분석 ······························································································· 13

2. 에너지전환 기술 및 산업 분석 ····························································································· 20

Ⅲ. 충북 에너지전환 현황분석 ························································································· 25

1. 충북 에너지 수급분석 ············································································································ 27

2. 충북 도내 에너지전환 산업 및 관련 인프라 분석 ······························································· 33

Ⅳ. 충북 에너지 대전환 전략 도출 ················································································· 37

1. 충북 에너지전환 관련 정책 수요 분석 ················································································· 39

2. 충북형 에너지 대전환 실행 전략 ·························································································· 48

Ⅴ. 결론 ···························································································································· 61

참고문헌 ···························································································································· 67

Appendix

1. 부록 ········································································································································ 71

2. ABSTRACT ··························································································································· 77

◯ 환경기초조사사업은 통합물관리 정책의 과학적 기반을 마련하는 핵심 사업임에도
불구하고, 예산 비중이 낮고 단기 중심의 과제 구조, 연구 분야 간 불균형 및 정책 활용도
미흡 등 구조적 한계가 지속되고 있음. 특히 충북 지역은 금강 수계의 주요 관리구역이
집중된 핵심 지역임에도 지역 차원의 전략적 대응이 제한되고 있음. 이러한 현황을 고려할
때, 충북의 물환경 개선과 수계기금의 전략적 확보를 위해 다음과 같은 정책적 개선이
필요함. ◯ 첫째, 중장기 조사체계 강화가 요구됨. 수질·수생태계·비점오염·유량 등 핵심 정보는 단기
조사로는 확보가 어렵기 때문에 다년도 과제 확대와 연속성 있는 데이터 축적 체계가
필요함. ◯ 둘째, 충북 지역은 금강 수계관리기금의 최대 수혜지역이므로, 지역 맞춤형 분석·기획 기능을
강화할 전담조직 또는 협력체계 구축이 필요함. 예컨대 충북형 물환경 조사·기획 플랫폼을
통해 조사자료 통합DB를 구축하고, 우심지역 자동 진단, 중점관리지역 선정, 신규 기금사업
발굴 등 실질적인 의사결정 지원 기능을 강화해야함. ◯ 셋째, 정책활용도 제고를 위한 연구–행정 연계 강화가 필수적임. 연구결과가 단순 보고서에
머물지 않도록, 충북도·유역환경청·수계위 간 협력으로 정책활용 중심의 성과지표를 새롭게
도입하고, 연구성과와 직접 연계하는 구조가 마련되어야함. ◯ 넷째, 디지털 트윈, 빅데이터, AI 기반 수질 예측 등 신기술 기반 물관리 체계를 조기
도입하여 충북의 현장 대응력을 높여야함. ◯ 마지막으로, 수계 간·지자체 간 공동연구 체계 구축이 요구됨. 금강·한강 수계가 연접한
충북의 특성을 고려하면, 경계지역 공동 조사, 상류-하류 정보 공유, 유역 기반 협력사업
기획 등 다수의 연계형 과제가 가능함. 이를 통해 충북은 수계 차원의 광역 관리체계와
연계되며 수계기금 확보 전략도 강화할 수 있음. ◯ 요컨대, 충북의 물환경 개선을 위해서는 기존의 개별 연구 중심에서 벗어나, 데이터
기반·기술 기반·정책 연계 기반의 통합형 물환경 관리체계로 전환하는 것이 핵심이며, 이를 뒷받침하기 위한 제도적·기술적 기반 강화가 필요함.

Ⅰ. 연구 개요 ···················································································································· 1

1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ················································································································· 3

2. 연구 범위 및 방법 ················································································································· 4

Ⅱ. 수계관리기금 운용 현황 ····························································································· 9

1. 물이용부담금 ······················································································································ 11

2. 수계관리기금 ························································································································ 12

3. 종합 ······································································································································ 35

Ⅲ. 환경기초조사연구 현황 ···························································································· 37

1. 개요 ······································································································································ 39

2. 문제점 ··································································································································· 48

3. 운용 현황 ····························································································································· 50

4. 연구과제 현황 ······················································································································ 52

5. 종합 ······································································································································ 53

Ⅳ. 충북 지역 연구 현황 ······························································································· 55

1. 시간적 연구 특성 ··············································································································· 61

2. 공간적 연구 특성 ················································································································· 69

3. 수질오염총량제 4단계 달성도 ····························································································· 76

4. 종합 ······································································································································ 77

Ⅴ. 결론 및 정책 제언 ··································································································· 79

1. 결론 ······································································································································ 81

2. 정책 제언 ····························································································································· 85

3. 향후 연구 ····························································································································· 89

참고문헌 ·························································································································· 91

ABSTRACT ···················································································································· 96

한국 복지국가의 소득보장제도는 노동시장의 구조변화, 인구학적 문제, 경기침체, 디지털화 등으로 사각지대가 넓게 형성되어 있다. 이에 대내외적으로 대안적 소득보장제도를
위해 보편적 기본소득, 선별적 기본소득(음의 소득세), 디딤돌소득(이전 안심소득), 기회소득, 참여소득, 사회수당제 등의 모델이 실험되거나 논의하고 있다. 충북은 보충적 소득보장제로
자원봉사 형태의 일하는 밥퍼사업, 도시농부사업을 시행하고 있다. 그리하여 이번 연구에서 이러한 국내외 대안적 소득보장제도 실험과 개혁 논의에서
시사점을 도출하여 충북에 적용 가능한 대안적 소득보장 제도 도입의 가능성을 탐색해 보고자
하였다. 대안적 소득보장제 논의 및 사례들을 종합하여 충북에 주는 시사점을 도출하고, 동시에 현 정부가 추진하고자 하는 농어촌 기본소득, 햇빛연금과 바람연금을 검토한다. 그리하여 충북에 대안적 소득보장제의 가능한 방안을 제안하였다. 현재 전 세계적으로 유사 기본소득 파일럿 프로젝트가 여럿 실험했거나 계획 또는 진행
중이나 사실 대개의 실험이 재원과 의지의 부족으로 단기간, 조건부과적 저급여, 제한된
지역과 특정 빈곤층 대상 선정 등으로 한계가 있었다. 대상 선정기준이나 근로와 관련하여
조건 없는 지급과 장기실험 사례는 독일 베를린과 미국 정도이다. 독일의 실험은 2021~2024년 3년간 시행했으며 1,200유로(약 168만 원)를 독일에
거주하고 있는 주로 1인 중위소득 개인을 대상으로 신청을 받아 무작위 추출하여 매월
지급하는 것이었으며, 이 급여에는 소득세 면제를 적용하여 대조군과 비교하였다. 미국의 실험은 무작위로 선정된 성인 1,000명의 참가자 중 가구소득이 기준 중위소득의
300% 이하이고 소득이 미국 빈곤선보다 300% 이상 높지 않은 1,000명의 참가자를 무작위로
선정해서 그들에게 3년 동안 매월 1,000달러를 지급하고 대조군과 비교하였다. 기간은
2020년 11월부터 2023년 10월까지　미국의 2개 주 ‘일리노이주와 텍사스주의 18개
카운티’에서 실시하였다. 미국과 독일의 조건 없는 기본소득 실험에서 고용관계나 노동시간의 변화에 있어서는 큰
변화가 없었다. 그러나 베를린 기본소득 실험에서는 기본소득 급여가 주로 미래 투자 저축, 일부 사회적 기부 등에 소비하고, 삶의 만족도, 정신건강 영역에서 긍정적인 효과가 나타났지만, 미국의 실험은 주로 주거비, 식비, 자동차 비용, 의료비 등 1차 기본서비스 비용에
많이 지출되었고, 삶의 만족도와 정신건강 영역에서 만족도는 변화가 없었다. 유사한
실험일지라도 실험 대상 지역의 노동시장 구조와 상황, 공적 사회보장시스템의 구축 정도, 보편적 사회서비스 제공 정도 등에 따라 실험 결과는 차이가 있을 수 있다. 국외 대안적 소득보장제의 실험과 시행이 시사하는 점은 우선 대개의 대안적 소득보장
실험이 실험의 재원, 정치적 실행 의지 결여 등으로 보편적 기본소득 실험이기보다는 단기간, 조건부과 저급여, 한정된 계층 대상으로 시행한 곳이 주를 이룬다. 그러나 미국과 독일의
조건 없는 장기간 기본소득 실험 결과는 향후 대안적 소득보장제 논의에 근거 기반 자료를
축적하는 데 도움을 주고 있다. 국내 실험 중 서울의 디딤돌 소득은 선별복지로 가구별 중위소득의 85% 기준 미달액의
절반을 지원하는 생계급여의 보충 실험이다. 음의 소득세 모형의 변형으로 저소득층 대상의
최소소득보장 모형이다. 경기도의 기회 소득은 농어민, 예술인, 장애인, 체육인, 기후행동, 아동돌봄 6개 분야의 취약계층 대상 사회적 가치 창출을 보상하는 정책이다. 어느 정도
소득 보충적 실험이어서 보편적 확대 가능성은 적다고 판단된다. 사회수당도 일정부분
보충적 소득 형태이고 일부 지자체에서 제각각 실시하고 있어서 실업자, 농민, 자영업자, 빈곤 노인 등을 위한 대안적 소득보장이라고 볼 수 없다. 충북의 일하는 밥퍼사업, 도시농부사업도 참여를 전제로 한 수당의 성격을 지니고 있다. 두 사업 모두 한시적 제한적 사업이며 급여 수준도 최저임금 이하의 수당이 지급되는 정규
일자리 창출과는 다른 소득지원 성격이다. 소득지원의 유형을 구분하자면 충북의 생산적
일자리 사업들은 미국과 독일의 보편적 기본소득 실험이나 국내의 음의 소득세 변형인
디딤돌소득, 경기도의 기회소득과는 결이 다른 자원봉사 유형의 참여수당이라고 볼 수 있다. 충북의 현 소득지원 사업들은 노인빈곤, 자영업 파산, 실직과 조기 퇴직(연금수급까지
소득공백기 대상)으로 인한 소득 상실기에 지원할 방안은 아니다. 특히 도농 복합, 농촌지역이
많은 충북은 농촌의 소득 보전에 대한 대안이 있어야 한다. 농촌기본소득이라는 명제 아래
보편적 현금 급여나 현물제공이거나, 또한 느슨한 참여를 전제로 한 참여소득이 지급될 수
있는 정책을 개발하여야 한다. 이미 언급하였듯이 임금노동 복지체계의 지속가능성에 한계가
있으므로 임금노동이 아닌 포괄적 사회적 활동을 전제로 복지급여의 재구성이 필요하다. 농촌의 사회경제적 낙후, 인구 소멸 등에 대응하는 기존 소득보장, 균형발전 정책으로는 이 문제를 해결할 수 없다. 특히 도시와 농촌 간 소득양극화도 심화하고 있으므로 농촌기본소득이
우선 도입되어야 한다. 그러나 재원의 한계로 기본소득의 급여 수준이 충분하지 않을 수 있다. 그리하여 느슨한 참여 조건을 전제로 한 참여소득의 방향에서 정책 사업들이 개발되어
충분하지 않은 저급여를 보완할 수 있어야 한다. 그리하여 요즘 중요한 기후위기 재생에너지
확대와 맞물리는 환경적 가치를 높이는 일자리, 그리고 돌봄 영역에서 일자리 등 생태적 사회적
영역에서 일자리의 참여를 전제로 한 급여의 제공이 확대된다면 기본소득과 참여소득이
더해져서 보편적 기본소득으로서 대안적 소득보장의 방안이 될 것이다. 단 참여 자격, 지급
수준 등은 논의가 필요하다. 충북도에 농촌 기본소득 실험과 관련하여, 정부가 최근 공모를 거쳐 7개 군을 선정하고, 추가 3개 군을 지정하여 내년부터 2년간 농어촌 기본소득 시범사업을 시행한다. 충북 옥천이
시범사업에 어렵게 추가 지정되었다. 이후 정부는 시범사업의 성과와 함께 사업 지역을 확대해
갈 계획이다. 충북은 다소 재정자립도가 낮은 지역이라 지방비 부담이 있지만, 시범사업이
성과를 내어 도내 전역으로 확대될 수 있도록 관리하여야 한다. 정부에서 추진하고자 하는 햇빛연금, 바람연금과 관련하여 충북 햇빛발전소와 충주
시민햇빛발전사회적협동조합은 시민단체 중심으로 조합출자를 통해 이익을 공유하는
사례이나 규모도 작고 현재 1호기에 멈춰있다. 지자체에서 공유부지를 임대하는 등의 지원도
현재 없다. 충북 괴산군 소수면에 있는 태양광발전소는 부지 임대료가 고령자에게 지급되는
주민참여형 상생모델이라고는 하나 약정된 (연)금액이 소득으로 잡히다 보니 불이익을
겪기도 한다. 정부의 ‘2050 탄소제로’ 정책에 맞추어 시민참여 재생에너지 사업에
관심이 국내외적으로 점차 증대되는 추세이나 충북 지자체나 주민들의 관심은 적은
편이다. 국내 사례에서 보듯이 신안군은 ‘신안군 신·재생에너지 개발이익 공유 등에 관한 조례’를
제정하여 햇빛연금, 바람연금, 아동연금 같은 기본소득형 배당의 이익공유를 실현하고 있다. 여주 구양리는 마을주민이 발전시설을 소유하고 있으며 발전수익을 마을공동체를 위해 하루
한 끼 무료급식과 자체 마을버스 운행, 문화생활 지원 등 주민복지를 위해 사용하고 있다. 익산시 성당포구마을은 역시 국민연금관리공단과 관련 기관들이 협력하여 마을 70세 이상
고령자에게 매달 10만 원씩 지급하는 마을자치연금을 시행하고 있다. 재생에너지개발을
활용하여 농촌 마을 노후소득보장에도 기여하고 있는 것이다. 그리고 대도시 안산의
시민햇빛발전소도 현재 45호기까지 설치하였다. 도시지역에서도 지자체의 관심과 협력이 있다면 얼마든지 재생에너지 발전시설을 설치할 수 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 국내외 대안적 소득보장 실험과 관련한 사례를 종합하여도 기존 충북도의 생산적 자원봉사
일자리는 한계가 명확하다. 이러한 보충적 잔여적 수당으로는 도농, 농촌지역의 소득보장
사각지대를 메울 수 없다. 충북도와 지자체가 도민의 삶의 질을 위해 보편적 전면적 기본소득을
실시하기에는 우선 재원의 문제가 크므로 현 정부에서 추진하고자 하는 농촌 기본소득, 햇빛연금과 바람연금 마을 사업에 적극적이어야 한다.

Ⅰ. 서 론 ···························································································································· 1

1. 연구 배경과 목적 ····················································································································· 3

2. 연구 방법과 내용 ····················································································································· 5

Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 ·················································································································· 7

1. 이론적 담론 ···························································································································· 9

2. 선행연구 검토 ························································································································ 11

III. 대안적 소득보장제도의 실험 동향 ············································································· 15

1. 국외 ········································································································································ 17

2. 국내 ········································································································································ 24

IV. 충북의 보충적 소득보장실태와 제도 ········································································· 41

1. 실태 ········································································································································ 43

2. 제도 ········································································································································ 44

V. 충북 대안적 소득보장제도 도입 방안 ······································································ 53

1. 농촌기본소득 실험 ················································································································· 55

2. 햇빛연금, 바람연금 ·············································································································· 60

VI. 결 론 ·························································································································· 75

1. 요약 ······································································································································ 77

2. 제언 ········································································································································ 81

참고문헌 ···························································································································· 83

ABSTRACT ······················································································································ 90

Table of Contents ········································································································ 92

전 세계적으로 인공지능(AI) 기술의 급속한 발전과 함께, 이를 구현하기 위한
AI 반도체의 중요성이 크게 부각되고 있다. AI 반도체는 대규모 연산을 효율적으로 처리하는 맞춤형 구조를 지녀, AI 산업
전반의 경쟁력과 기술 자립도를 결정짓는 핵심 인프라로 자리매김하고 있다. 이에
따라 주요국은 반도체 공급망 재편과 AI 기술 선점을 위한 국가전략을 강화하고
있으며, 우리나라도 메모리반도체와 함께 시스템반도체 및 AI 반도체를 미래성장
동력으로 지정하여 대규모 투자와 기술개발을 추진 중이다. 국내 AI 반도체산업은 생성형 AI 확산으로 학습 및 추론 연산 수요가 폭증하면
서, 저전력·고효율 NPU(Neural Processing Unit)를 중심으로 한 시장 구조가
재편되고 있다. 그러나 산업·연구 인프라와 전문 인력이 수도권에 집중되어 있어
지역 단위의 기술 실증과 응용 생태계는 아직 미흡한 수준이다. 충청북도는 청주 일대의 앵커기업을 중심으로 반도체·소재·장비 산업이 집적되
어 있고, 인공지능 시스템반도체 융합연구센터 등 일부 연구 기반이 조성되어 있
어 AI 반도체 실증 거점으로의 성장 잠재력이 있다. 그러나 설계-검증-응용을 아
우르는 통합형 생태계가 미완성 상태이며, 기술개발 및 산업응용을 뒷받침할 전문
인력과 테스트 인프라 또한 부족한 실정이다. 이에 충청북도는 수도권과 차별화된
‘보급형 AI 반도체 실증·검증 중심지’로서의 전략적 위치를 정립하고, 국가 AI 반
도체 혁신정책과 연계한 지역 특화형 대응전략을 추진해야 한다. 충청북도의 AI 반도체산업 발전 방향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 보급형 AI 반도체(NPU) 중심의 지역 특화 설계·기술개발 허브를 조성해야 한다. 충북은 고성능 AI 칩 중심의 경쟁보다는 온디바이스(On-Device) AI, 산업용
보급형 NPU 개발을 전략축으로 삼아야 하며, 생활가전·로봇·스마트팩토리 등 중
소형 응용분야에서 국산 NPU 레퍼런스 모델을 확보함으로써 기술 실증과 시장
확산을 병행해야 한다. 충북대학교, 한국교통대 등 지역 대학 중심의 AI 반도체
설계·검증 융합 교육과정 개편과 산학공동 연구 허브 구축을 통해 인력양성과 기술개발의 선순환 구조를 형성해야 한다. 둘째, AI 컴퓨팅센터 및 산학연 연계형 AI 생태계 기반을 구축해야 한다. 충북은 산업 입지와 접근성을 고려해 AI 반도체 연구·학습·실증의 통합 거점인 “충북 AI 컴퓨팅센터(Chungbuk AI Computing Center)” 유치를 추진할 필요가
있다. 이를 통해 국가 거점형 AI 데이터센터 및 K-클라우드 프로젝트와 연계하
고, AI 반도체 연산 인프라를 구축하여 반도체 설계검증과 AI 모델 학습을 지원
해야 한다. 또한 센터를 산학연이 공동 활용하는 오픈 이노베이션 허브로 발전시
켜 AI 반도체 기술의 실증과 상용화를 촉진하고, 충북 반도체 후공정 산업과 연계
한 지역형 R&D 네트워크를 조성해야 한다. 셋째, 후공정 인프라 기반의 AI 반도체 테스트·실증 플랫폼을 구축해야 한다. 충북은 이미 보유한 패키징·테스트 산업 인프라를 활용해 AI 반도체 특성에 최
적화된 실증 플랫폼을 조성하고, 반도체 후공정 장비·소재 기업과 연구기관이 참
여하는 테스트 얼라이언스를 구성해야 한다. 이를 통해 도내 기업이 AI 반도체 특
성평가 및 공정기술 고도화에 직접 참여하도록 유도하고, 향후 방사광가속기의 정
밀 분석 기능을 활용해 AI 반도체 신소재·구조 분석 및 신뢰성 평가를 위한 국가
실증체계와 연계해야 한다. 나아가 공공·민간 팹 공동활용을 통해 기술사업화 성
공률을 높이고, 글로벌 반도체 공급망 재편 속에서 충청북도를 후공정 중심 AI 반
도체 기술 검증 허브로 육성해야 한다.

Ⅰ. 연구개요 ······················································································································ 1

1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ················································································································· 3

2. 연구 내용 및 방법 ················································································································· 6

Ⅱ. AI 반도체 정의 및 범위 ···························································································· 7

1. AI 반도체 정의 ······················································································································ 9

2. AI 반도체 범위 ···················································································································· 14

Ⅲ, 국내외 AI 반도체산업 현황 및 정책 동향 ··························································· 19

1. 세계 AI 반도체산업 현황 및 정책 동향 ············································································ 21

2. 국내 AI 반도체산업 현황 및 정책 동향 ············································································ 40

Ⅳ. 충북 반도체산업과 AI 반도체 육성 정책 동향 ···················································· 55

1. 충북 반도체산업 현황 ·········································································································· 57

2. 충북 반도체산업 정책 동향 ································································································· 66

3. 충북 AI 반도체산업 육성 정책 동향 ·················································································· 71

Ⅴ. 충북 AI 반도체산업 전략 방향 ··············································································· 73

1. 정부 R&D 사업 분석을 통한 여건 진단 ··········································································· 75

2. 충북 AI 반도체산업 전략 방향을 위한 분석 ····································································· 86

3. 충북 AI 반도체산업 전략 방향 ··························································································· 92

ⅤI. 시사점 및 정책제언 ································································································ 95

1. 시사점 ··································································································································· 97

2. 정책제언 ······························································································································· 98

참고문헌 ························································································································ 101

ABSTRACT ·················································································································· 103

인공지능은 생성형 AI와 멀티모달 AI 등 신기술을 중심으로 급속히 발전하고 있으며, 이에 따라 글로벌 시장은 2032년까지 약 2조 5천억 달러 규모로 확대될 것으로 전망된다. 미국, 중국, EU 등 주요 선진국은 대규모 투자와 함께 규제 및 윤리 체계를 동시에
강화하면서 AI 패권 경쟁을 주도하고 있다. 제조업 역시 AI 도입에 따라 구조적 변화를
겪고 있으며, 특히 반도체, 배터리, 바이오·의료, 에너지·소재 산업은 AI 활용을 통해
생산성 향상과 혁신적 성과 창출이 기대되는 대표적인 분야로 평가된다. 충청북도는 이러한 변화 속에서 디지털 대전환 전략 수립, AI 자율제조 실증사업, 특화산업 AI 융합 지원정책 등을 추진해 왔으나, 여전히 데이터와 컴퓨팅 인프라 격차, 지역 내 AI 전문 역량 부족이라는 구조적 한계에 직면하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는
급변하는 AI 기술 발전과 시장 확산에 대응하여 충북 전략산업의 경쟁력 강화를 위한
맞춤형 AI 활용 전략을 모색하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이는 단순히 개별 산업 차원의
AI 도입을 넘어, 데이터·컴퓨팅 인프라 확충, 인재 및 창업 생태계 조성, 거버넌스 체계
정립 등 지역 전체의 AI 기반 생태계를 마련하고, 글로벌 규제·표준과 정합성을 갖춘
충북형 AI 확산 모델을 구축하기 위함이다. 연구의 주요 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 충북은 오창과 오송을 중심으로 한 AI 컴퓨팅
센터와 데이터센터, 클라우드 인프라를 확충하여 지역 기업의 AI 접근성을 강화해야
한다. 반도체와 배터리 분야에서는 AI 기반 설계 자동화, 공정 최적화, 결함 예측 등의
기술을 적극적으로 실증하고 확산하여 OEE(Overall Equipment Effectiveness,
설비종합효율성) 향상과 불량률 저감 등 가시적 성과를 확보할 필요가 있다. 바이오·의료
산업에서는 AI 진단보조와 영상 판독, 데이터 기반 신약개발, 맞춤형 헬스케어 플랫폼을
확산시킴으로써 오송·충주 바이오 클러스터의 경쟁력을 제고할 수 있다. 에너지·소재
산업 또한 AI를 통한 예측정비, 에너지 관리 자동화, 신소재 개발 응용을 통해 친환경
전환과 신산업 창출을 촉진해야 한다. 둘째, 충북은 데이터 스키마 표준화와 벤더중립적 모델 게이트웨이 운영을 통해 산업
공정 데이터를 통합 관리할 수 있는 기반을 조성해야 하며, 반도체·바이오·에너지 등 핵심 산업별 데이터를 집적하는 데이터레이크를 구축하여 AI 학습과 분석의 유연성을
확보할 필요가 있다. 더불어 충북형 AI 영향평가(AIA)를 제도화하여 안전, 품질, 권리, 환경에 대한 사전·운영·사후 평가를 수행하고, C2PA(Coalition for Content
Provenance and Authenticity)1) 및 콘텐츠 크리덴셜 기반 라벨링을 통해 투명성을
보장하는 체계를 마련해야 한다. 셋째, 충북의 AI 확산 전략은 인프라와 기술 도입에 국한되지 않고 인재 양성과 창업
생태계 조성으로 이어져야 한다. SW중심대학과 산・학・연 협력을 통해 현장 수요
기반의 전문인재를 양성하고, AI 스타트업 육성과 창업 지원을 강화함으로써 지역 내
혁신 역량을 제고해야 한다. 동시에 시민과 산업계를 대상으로 한 교육·홍보를 병행하여
AI 활용에 대한 신뢰와 수용성을 높이고, 도민 삶의 질 향상으로 이어지도록 해야 한다. 본 연구는 가속화되는 글로벌 AI 경쟁과 산업별 활용 확산 추세에 대응하기 위해
충북이 지향해야 할 전략적 방향을 제시하였다. 충북은 전략산업의 맞춤형 AI 융합을
통해 산업 경쟁력을 강화하고, 데이터와 컴퓨팅 인프라, 인재와 거버넌스 기반을
종합적으로 구축함으로써 지속가능한 AI 확산 모델을 시급히 마련해야 할 것이다. 이는
지역 첨단산업의 혁신을 넘어 충북이 국가적 AX 전환을 선도하는 핵심 거점으로 도약하기
위한 필수 조건이기 때문이다.

Ⅰ. 연구 개요 ················································································································ 1

1. 배경 및 목적 ······················································································································ 3

2. 주요연구 내용 ···················································································································· 4

Ⅱ. 인공지능 관련 기술 및 정책동향 ········································································· 7

1. AI기술 구조 및 개념 ········································································································· 9

2. 국내·외 AI 관련 정책동향 ······························································································· 28

3. AI기술 선도기업 동향 ····································································································· 39

4. 제조업 AI활용 시장전망 및 트렌드 변화 ······································································· 55

Ⅲ. 국내 지자체 인공지능 도입 사례 및 충북 현황 ················································· 61

1. 지자체 별 인공지능 도입 사례 ····················································································· 63

2. 충북 AI활용 동향 및 제조업 도입 현황 ········································································ 68

Ⅳ. 충북 전략산업 AI 경쟁력강화 방안 ····································································· 75

1. 디지털 인프라 및 산업AI 허브(AI Hub) 구축 ······························································ 77

2. 공급망 중심의 AI 기반 제조업 디지털 대전환 ···························································· 79

3. 산업별 AI 융합 확대 및 응용서비스 고도화 ································································· 81

4. 목표중심의 인재양성 및 거버넌스 체계 강화 ································································ 83

5. 지역 데이터·컴퓨팅 인프라(“충북 AI 유틸리티”) 고도화 ·············································· 84

Ⅴ. 결론 및 시사점 ····································································································· 87

1. 연구요약 및 결론 ············································································································· 89

2. 시사점 ····························································································································· 91

ABSTRACT ················································································································  93

◯ 청소년기는 신체적·정서적 발달이 급격히 이루어지는 시기이자 전 생애 건강을 결
정짓는 중요한 시기임. ◯ 최근 학업 스트레스와 우울·불안 등 정신건강 문제가 심화되고 있음 청소년 정신
건강 문제는 자살과 같은 사회적 비용을 유발할 수 있어 조기 발견과 개입이 필수
적이나, 충북 지역의 특성을 반영한 현황 파악과 지원 체계는 부족한 실정임
◯ 이에 본 연구는 공공데이터 분석과 전문가 심층 인터뷰(FGI)를 통해 충북 청소년
의 정신건강 현황을 진단하고, 이를 바탕으로 충북형 청소년 정신건강 지원체계
구축 방안을 제안하고자 함
◯ 주요 현황
- 충북 청소년의 정신건강 지표는 전국 최하위 수준으로 악화되고 있음
∙ (불안장애) 2024년 기준 충북 청소년의 중등도 이상 범불안장애 경험률은 15.9%로, 전국 평균(14.0%)을 크게 상회하며 전국 17개 시도 중 가장 높은 수치를 기록함
∙ (스트레스 및 우울) 스트레스 인지율은 44.4%로 전국 평균(42.3%)보다 높으며 우울감
경험률 또한 29.0%로 전국 평균(27.7%)보다 높은 수준을 보이고 있음
∙ (의료 인프라) 도내 소아청소년 정신건강의학과 전문의와 입원 병상이 절대적으로
부족하여, 자해·자살 시도 등 즉각적인 입원이 필요한 위기 상황에서도 타 시·도(김천, 구미 등)의 병원을 찾아야 하는 의료 공백이 발생하고 있음
◯ 분석 결과
- 청소년 정신건강 문제는 연령이 증가할수록 악화되는 경향을 보이며, 부모의 우울 및
수면 문제 등 보호자의 정신건강 상태가 자녀의 유병률에 유의미한 영향을 미치는
것으로 나타남
∙ (인구사회학적 요인) 청소년 정신건강 유병률은 보호자의 정신건강 상태와 밀접한
관련이 있음. 보호자가 우울증이나 수면 문제가 있는 경우, 자녀의 파괴적 충동조절
및 품행장애 유병률이 유의미하게 높게 나타남∙ (위기 징후의 변화) 최근 자살·자해를 시도하는 청소년들은 가정폭력이나 학교 부적응
등 뚜렷한 사전 징후가 없는 '침묵하는 아이들'의 비율이 높아지고 있어, 기존의
징후 포착 중심의 선별 방식으로는 조기 발견에 한계가 있음
∙ (취약계층 특성) 다문화가정 자녀의 경우 언어적 한계와 정서적 지지 부족이 복합적으로
작용하여 자해 시도가 증가하는 경향을 보임
∙ (지원 체계의 한계) 정신건강 관련 인프라가 청주시에 집중되어 있어 군 단위 지역
청소년들의 접근성이 현저히 낮으며, 기관 간 과도한 경쟁과 분절적 운영이 서비스의
효율성을 저해하고 있음
◯ 정책제언
- 충북 청소년의 정신건강 안전망을 강화하기 위해 '정확한 현황 파악(Short-term)'과
'전문적 인프라 구축(Mid-Long term)'의 단계적 접근이 필요함
- 단기 과제: 지원 기반 조성 ∙ 충북 청소년 정신건강 실태조사 정례화 및 조례 개정
∙ 실태조사와 정책 실행력을 담보하기 위해 '청소년 정신건강 전담 부서(팀)'를
설치·운영해야 함
- 중장기 과제: 전문 인프라 확충, 청소년 전문 정신건강지원센터 설립, 부족한 의료
인프라와 접근성 문제를 해결하기 위해 두 가지 형태의 센터 모델을 제안함
∙ (제1안: 의료연계형) 정신과 전문의가 상주하거나 병원에 위탁 운영하는 형태로, 중증 위기 청소년에게 입원·치료·상담·교육을 원스톱(One-stop)으로 제공
∙ (제2안: 지역연계형) 복지관이나 지역 센터 등 생활 반경 내에 설치하여 심리적·물리적
문턱을 낮추고, 조기 발견과 예방 상담에 집중
∙ 환류 체계(Feedback Loop) 구축 - '실태조사 → 사업 계획 수립 → 전문기관 위탁
운영 → 성과 측정 및 데이터 축적'으로 이어지는 선순환 구조를 확립하여 정책의
실효성을 지속적으로 제고해야 함

Ⅰ. 연구 개요 ···················································································································· 1

1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ················································································································· 3

2. 연구 범위 및 방법 ················································································································· 7

Ⅱ. 청소년의 정신건강 관련 영향요인 및 지원체계 ······················································· 9

1. 청소년의 정신건강 관련 영향요인 ······················································································ 11

2. 청소년의 정신건강 지원체계(전국 및 충북) ······································································· 16

3. 타 지역사례 검토 ················································································································· 28

Ⅲ. 충북 청소년 정신건강 현황 ····················································································· 37

1. 정신건강 현황 분석 ············································································································· 39

2. 충북 청소년 정신건강 증진을 위한 심층인터뷰(FGI) 분석 ··············································· 56

Ⅳ. 결론 및 정책제언 ··································································································· 61

1. 결론 ······································································································································ 63

2. 정책제언 ······························································································································· 65

참고문헌 ·························································································································· 71

ABSTRACT ···················································································································· 75

◯ 친환경농업은 생물 다양성 보전과 생태계 순환 유지, 화학자재 최소 사용을 추구하는 지속가능한 농업으로 정의되며, 유기·무농약 농산물 생산이 핵심임. 국내에서는 1970년대 민간 중심의 유기농 운동으로 출발하였고, 1990년대 이후 정부가 제도화하며 제도적 기반이 강화되었음. 2000년대 중반 이후에는 생산과 소비 모두 확대되며 성숙기에 접어들었음
◯ 첨단과학기술 중 스마트농업과 그린바이오 기술이 친환경농업의 지속 가능성과 경제성 문제를 해결할 수 있는 대안임. 스마트농업은 IoT, AI, 자동화 기술을 활용해 농약·비료 사용을 최소화하고 정밀한 생육 관리, 원격 제어 등을 가능케 하며, 그린바이오 기술은 미생물 비료, 유전자 편집, 바이오차 등을 통해 화학 자재를 대체하고 토양 건강을 개선함
◯ 이를 친환경농업에 적용한 해외사례는 IoT 센서를 활용해 물 사용 40% 절감, 수확량 20% 증가시킨 스페인 라 리오하, 드론과 로봇으로 전 자동화된 유기농 작물 재배를 실현한 영국 Harper Adams University, AI 기반 수경재배로 물 사용 95% 절감한 인도 Krop AI, AI 제초 로봇으로 농약 사용량 최대 90% 감축한 미국 Blue River Technology, 바이오차로 토양 개선 및 탄소 격리 실현한 호주 시드니대학이 있음
◯ 국내사례는 ICT 기반 정밀 유기농 시스템을 실현 중인 괴산군 스마트유기농단지와 경북 사과 유기농 스마트팜임
◯ 이러한 사례들은 기술이 생산성과 환경 보호를 동시에 달성할 수 있음을 보여주며, 스마트농업은 특히 노동력 절감과 품질 향상 측면에서 경쟁력이 있음을 증명하였음. 다만 그린바이오 기술은 효과성은 높으나 실증 사례가 부족하므로 후속 연구와 보급 지원이 필요함
◯ 충청북도 내 친환경농업은 유기농 중심으로 증가 추세이며, 무농약농업은 감소 경향을 보인다. 지역별로는 괴산군과 단양군이 친환경재배 면적 비중에서 가장 높으며(5.5%, 5.4%), 청주시는 절대면적이 가장 큼
◯ 10년간 인증건수·면적·출하량 추이를 보면, 유기농은 증가하고 있으나 무농약은 대부분 지역에서 감소 또는 정체 상태이며, 출하량 역시 지역별로 편차가 큼. 괴산군, 단양군, 청주시 등은 양배추, 고구마 등의 친환경 작물 재배 비중이 높음
◯ 또한, 친환경농업 소득 분석에서는 고구마, 양배추, 감귤 등의 작목이 높은 소득률을 보인 반면, 양파, 방울토마토 등은 자가노동비 부담으로 수익성이 낮았음. 일반농산물 대비 소득은 작목별로 편차가 크며, 양배추(199.3%), 고구마(167.8%)는 일반농산물보다 높은 소득을 올린 반면 양파(49.9%) 등은 오히려 낮은 수익을 보였음
◯ 충북에서 친환경농업 실천 농업인들은 주로 노동력 부족, 병해충 방제의 어려움, 기후변화에 따른 불안정성, 판매 및 판로 확보의 한계 등을 주요 애로사항으로 지적하고 있음. 반면, 첨단과학기술 도입에 대해서는 대체로 긍정적인 기대감을 보이며, 자동 관비 시스템, 병해충 예찰기술, 생육환경 모니터링 등 실질적 도움이 되는 기술에 높은 수요를 나타냈음
◯ 이를 바탕으로 친환경농업에 스마트농업 도입 방안으로 ① 시범지구 중심의 단계적 도입, ② 작목 특화형 기술 패키지 개발, ③ 농업인 교육 및 수용성 확보, ④ 공공-민간 협력 통한 기술 보급이 있으며 그린바이오 도입 방안으로는 , ① 기술 실증 및 현장 보급 확대, ② 친환경 인증 연계, ③ R&D-농가 연계 체계 구축이 있음
◯ 이러한 첨단과학기술을 친환경농업 현장에 도입하기 위한 제도적 지원방안으로 ① 기술 확산 기반 조성, ② 경제적 유인 강화 , ③ 교육 및 역량 강화를 제안하였음

​Ⅰ. 서 론 ····························································································································1

1. 연구 배경과 목적 ····················································································································3

2. 연구 범위와 방법 ····················································································································7

Ⅱ. 친환경농업의 이해 ·······································································································9

1. 국내 친환경농업의 정의와 역사 ···························································································11

2. 국내·외 친환경농업 적용 가능한 첨단과학기술 ·································································15

3. 친환경농업 관련 정책 ···········································································································22

4. 친환경농업 첨단과학기술 적용사례 ······················································································26

Ⅲ. 충북 친환경농업 실태 ·······························································································35

1. 충북 친환경농업 현황 ···········································································································37

2. 충북 친환경 농업인 조사 결과 ····························································································67

Ⅳ. 충북 친환경농업 첨단과학기술 도입 방안 ·······························································71

1. 스마트농업 기술 도입방안 ····································································································73

2. 그린바이오 도입방안 ·············································································································81

3. 제도적 지원방안 ····················································································································93

Ⅴ. 결론 ····························································································································95

1. 연구결과 요약 ·······················································································································97

2. 연구의 한계점 및 향후 과제 ································································································99

참고문헌 ·························································································································101

ABSTRACT ···················································································································103

■ 저출산·고령화를 근본적 원인으로 하는 취약한 인구구조로의 전환, 특히 생산연령인구의 감소는 수요-공급 측면에서 악순환 구조를 형성하여 경제활력을 저하시키는 문제를 야기할 수 있음
■ 충북이 지속가능한 성장을 도모하기 위해서는 인구구조 변화가 반영된 지역경제의 성장패턴에 기반하여 차별화된 대응전략을 수립함으로써 경제정책의 효율성을 제고하는 것이 필수적이라 할 수 있음
■ 이에 인구구조적 측면에서 지역경제의 성장요인을 파악하고 생산연령인구와 경제성장 간의 관계에 기반한 지역경제 성장패턴을 분석함으로써 생산연령인구 감소로 인한 부정적 영향을 완화할 수 있는 경제정책 방향 설정에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를 수행하였음
■ 2024년 기준, 충북의 주민등록 연앙인구는 1,587,715명으로 2015년에 비해 16,593명 증가하였으며, 최근 10년 간 0.12%의 연평균 증가율을 기록하였음
■ 인구구조는 유소년인구 10.9%, 생산연령인구 67.7%, 고령인구 21.4%로 구성되어 있으며, 이미 초고령사회에 진입한 상태임
◯ 유소년인구는 172,678명으로 2015년에 비해 -49,952명 감소하였고, 최근 10년 간 -2.8%의 연평균 증감률을 기록하였음
◯ 생산연령인구는 1,074,846명으로 2015년에 비해 -43,683명 감소하였고, 최근 10년 간 -0.4%의 연평균 증감률을 기록하였음
◯ 고령인구는 340,191명으로 2015년에 비해 110,228명 증가하였고, 최근 10년 간 4.4%의 연평균 증감률을 기록하였음
◯ 진천군(18.9%), 청주시(16.3%)만이 고령사회 상태이며, 괴산군(40.6%), 보은군(40.2%), 영동군(37.4%), 단양군(37.4%), 옥천군(34.9%), 제천시(26.7%), 음성군(25.7%), 충주시(23.8%), 증평군(21.1%) 등은 이미 초고령사회에 진입하였음
■ 2022년 기준, 충북의 실질 GRDP(2020년 기준년가격, 잠정치)는 83.6조원으로, 전년대비 4.2%, 최근 5년 간 연평균 2.9%의 경제성장률을 기록하였음
■ 산업구조는 농림어업 2.5%, 광업 0.2%, 제조업 48.8%, 전기가스업 -1.3%, 건설업 6.3%, 서비스업 43.5%로 구성된 제조업 기반형 구조임
◯ 시군별로 살펴보면, 청주시가 42.5조원(50.8%)로 가장 많고, 다음으로 음성군 10.0조원(11.9%), 충주시 8.9조원(10.6%), 진천군 8.8조원(10.6%), 제천시 3.9조원(4.6%), 증평군 1.9조원(2.2%), 옥천군 1.8조원(2.1%), 괴산군 1.7조원(2.0%), 보은군 1.5조원(1.8%), 영동군 1.4조원(1.6%), 단양군 1.3조원(1.6%) 등의 순임
◯ 권역별 GRDP 점유율은 청주권 50.8%, 중부권 26.8%, 북부권 16.9%, 남부권 5.5% 등의 순으로 도내 지역 불균형이 심각한 상황임
■ 변이할당분석(shift-share) 방법론을 활용하여 지역경제성장의 인구구조 요인을 분해함으로써 지역의 경제성장에 있어 생산연령인구 변화의 역할을 고찰하였음
◯ 1인당 소득을 노동생산성, 고용률, 인구구조 항목으로 구분하고, 성장회계식에 따라 분해하여 각 부문의 성장기여 수준을 살펴본 결과, 충청북도는 2015~2022년 간 1인당 GRDP가 29.7% 증가하는데 있어, 노동생산성(+21.4%p, ▲72.0%)과 고용률(+11.6%p, ▲39.1%)은 긍정적으로 기여한 반면, 인구구조(-3.3%p, ▼11.2%)는 부정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났음
- 노동생산성이 지역 경제성장의 핵심 요인이고, 생산연령인구를 기반으로 하는 고용률 역시 1인당 GRDP 증가에 있어 중요한 요인이며, 인구구조(생산연령인구 비중)는 노동생산성과의 다중공선성으로 인해 그 영향이 과소평가되고 있기는 하나 지역경제 성장에 긍정적으로 작용하는 요인이라 할 수 있음
■ 클라센의 지역순환가설을 토대로 지역내총생산(소득개념)과 생산연령인구(인구개념)에 대한 전국대비 비중의 성장률에 대한 상대비율을 사용한 허문구(2014)의 연구를 준용하여 각 시군이 어떠한 지역성장패턴을 경험해 왔으며, 현재는 어떠한 지역성장 수준을 나타내는지에 대해 분석을 실시하였음
◯ 지역경제 성장단계 분석 결과, 청주, 증평은 성장A지역, 진천은 성장B지역, 충주, 단양은 쇠퇴D지역, 제천, 옥천, 영동, 괴산, 음성은 쇠퇴 E지역, 보은은 잠재적 성장지역에 분포하고 있으며, 정체상태인 지역은 없는 것으로 나타났음
◯ 성장패턴도 시군별로 확연하게 차이나고 있으며, 특히 남부권 지역들의 경우 생산연령인구 및 소득 변동이 미미하게 나타나 지역경제에 역동성이 낮은 실정임
[그림 Ⅴ-] 지역경제 성장패턴 유형 (※보고서 참고)
■ 상기 분석결과에 기반할 때, 충북이 지속가능한 성장을 도모하기 위해서는 고령화 가속화에 대응한 고령인구 활용 및 성장동력화, 생산연령인구의 유입 및 정착 유도, 생산연령인구 감소에 대응한 대체인력의 노동시장 참여 확대 방안 모색, 노동생산성 향상, 부존자원, 혁신역량, 인프라 등의 차이에 따른 산업구조적 특성을 감안한 차별화된 성장전략 모색, 새로운 성장동력 확충을 통한 균형발전 도모, 성장단계별 맞춤형 전략 수립 등이 요구됨
■ 요컨대, 다양한 공공·민간 데이터를 통합적으로 수집·분석하여 정책의 수립-집행-평가 전 과정에 활용함으로써, 정책의 객관성·효율성·성과를 극대화하는 “데이터 기반 정책(Data-driven Policy)” 체계를 확립하고, 이를 통해 인구 및 경제 상황 변화에 대한 모니터링과 피드백 체계를 강화해야 할 것임

Ⅰ. 서론 ······························································································································1

1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ···················································································································3

2. 연구 범위 및 방법 ···················································································································6

II. 시군별 인구 현황 ··········································································································9

1. 주민등록 연앙인구 ·················································································································11

2. 연령별 인구 ··························································································································13

3. 인구구조 ·······························································································································18

Ⅲ. 시군별 경제 현황 ·······································································································23

1. GRDP(지역내총생산) ·············································································································25

2. 산업구조 ·································································································································27

3. 경제활동별 부가가치 ··············································································································29

Ⅳ. 생산연령인구 변화와 지역경제성장 간 관계 분석 ···················································33

1. 분석의 개요 ····························································································································35

2. 지역경제 성장의 인구측면 요인별 기여 ···············································································36

Ⅴ. 시군별 지역경제 성장패턴 ·······················································································45

1. 분석의 개요 ····························································································································47

2. 시군별 지역경제 성장단계 ·····································································································50

3. 시군별 지역경제 성장패턴 ·····································································································52

Ⅵ. 결론 및 정책적 시사점 ······························································································61

1. 결론 ········································································································································63

2. 정책적 시사점 ························································································································71

참고문헌 ····························································································································81

ABSTRACT ······················································································································83

1963년 도입된 지정 관광지 제도는 국민 여가 증진과 관광산업 발전을 목적으로 시행되고 있으나, 다수의 관광지가 조성이 미완료되었거나 조성 이후 활성화 미흡으로 인하여 제도의 효과성 논란이 제기되어 왔다. 충북 지역 역시 우수한 자연․문화자원을 기반으로 22개소의 관광지를 지정․운영 중이나 개발 전략의 부재, 열악한 재정여건, 빠르게 변화하는 관광 수요 미반영 등으로 인해 매력도가 점차 저하되고 있다.
이에 본 연구는 충북 지정 관광지가 직면한 문제점을 분석하고 관광지 활성화를 위한 실질적 정책 대안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 충북 내 22개 지정 관광지를 대상으로 문헌조사, 서면 및 현장조사 그리고 관계자 심층 인터뷰를 실시하였다. 분석결과, 충북 지정 관광지는 연간 270만명 이상의 관광객을 유치하며 지역사회와 경제 전반에 파급효과를 창출하고 있으나, 투자 효율성 저하, 관광콘텐츠 부족, 성과관리 체계 부재 등 구조적 한계가 드러났다. 특히, 지정 관광지의 상당수가 연․사회자원형 관광지로 시설 및 콘텐츠 노후로 인해 관광 경쟁력이 약화되고 있으며, 낮은 토지확보율 및 취약한 투자여건은 사업 지연의 주요 원인으로 작용하였다. 또한 순환보직제로 인한 담당공무원의 전문성 부족은 사업의 연속성과 행정의 전문성 확보를 저해하는 요인으로 확인되었다.
이러한 진단을 바탕으로 본 연구는 네 가지 정책 방향을 제언하고자 한다. 첫째, 법․제도 개선 측면에서 관광지 지정 요건을 강화하고 다차원적 성과관리체계를 도입하는 한편, 지역 여건과 부합하지 않는 법률 기준의 현실화를 추진해야 한다. 둘째, 관광지 콘텐츠 다변화를 위해 융복합 관광지 조성, 친환경 스마트 관광지로의 전환, 지역 관광자원 간 연계성 강화를 통해 체류형 고부가가치 관광지로 전환할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 투자 재정 구조 혁신을 위해 신규 관광지 조성사업보다 노후 관광지의 재생사업을 추진하고, 성과기반 차등 보조금 지원, 민간투자 유치 활성화를 위한 인센티브 확대를 제안한다. 마지막으로 행정 및 거버넌스 개선 차원에서는 ‘관광지 개발 정책지원센터’ 설립, 전문관 제도 확대 및 전문임기제 채용을 통한 전담인력 확충, 공공-민간 협력 거버넌스 구축을 제안 한다.

I. 서론 ·······························································································································1

1. 배경과 필요성 ························································································································3

2. 목적과 기대효과 ·····················································································································4

3. 범위와 방법 ····························································································································4

II. 관광지 개발 여건 ·········································································································7

1. 국제관광 여건 ························································································································9

2. 국내관광 여건 ······················································································································11

3. 관광개발 정책 여건 ·············································································································12

Ⅲ. 지정 관광지 제도 ·····································································································21

1. 지정 관광지 제도 이해 ········································································································23

2. 선행연구 ·······························································································································29

3. 정책적 논의와 시사점 ··········································································································31

Ⅳ. 충북 관광지 조성 실태 분석 ···················································································35

1. 실태조사 ·····························································································································37

2. 실태조사 결과 분석 ·············································································································40

3. 주요 시사점 ··························································································································46

4. 관광지 활성화를 위한 관계자 의견조사 ·············································································48

Ⅴ. 결론 및 정책제언 ·····································································································53

1. 결론 ······································································································································55

2. 정책제언 ·······························································································································56

참고문헌 ··························································································································59

Appendix ·······················································································································61

부록-관광지 조사표 ··················································································································63

ABSTRACT ······························································································································86

농촌은 농업이 행해지는 공간으로 농업이 주요산업이었던 과거부터 주민 거주하는 삶터이자 일터였고, 쉬면서 재충전을 할 수 있는 쉼터의 역할을 수행해 왔다. 하지만, 근래에 들어 우리나라의 급속한 산업성장으로 더 이상 농업이 국가의 중요산업이 되지 못한 상황에서 주민이 거주하는 농촌은 쇠퇴의 길에 접어들 수밖에 없었다. 또한, 농촌은 인구의 수도권 과밀화를 위한 인구공급지의 역할을 수행하였기 때문에 쇠퇴는 가속화되어 지방소멸이 우선적으로 이룩할 수 있는 공간이 되었다.
하지만, 우리나라의 일부 시·도를 제외하면 가장 먼저 소멸될 지역인 농촌마을에 대한 정확한 현황을 파악하지 못하고 있는 상황으로 이러한 이유로 현실적인 대응이 일어나고 있지 못한다. 이에 본 연구는 충북 농촌의 소멸의 현황을 진단하고 발전적 대안을 제시하고자 시행하였다.
연구결과, 충북 내에서도 농촌적 성격이 강한 지역일수록 인구상황은 악화되어 있다. 농업이 주요산업이며, 생활서비스 시설이 밀집되지 못하고 편하게 누리지 못하는 지역일수록 인구의 상황이 좋지 않다는 것이다. 다음으로 충북 농촌은 현재 지속가능성을 담보할 수 없는 상황이다. 지속가능성을 진단할 수 있는 인구계층인 유아인구와 학령인구, 청년인구 모두 농촌마을에 거주하는 비율이 상당히 적은 수준인 것이다. 마지막으로 농촌마을은 과소화와 고령화가 동시에 진행되고 있는데, 그 중에서도 고령화가 심각한 수준이다. 물론 노인의 판단기준이 현실화 되어 있지 못하다는 문제점도 있다고 판단되나, 과소마을에 비해 고령마을의 숫자가 비교할 수 없다는 점은 농촌마을 주민의 고령화가 심각하다는 것을 의미한다.
이상의 분석결과 현재 중앙정부에서 시행하는 농촌정책을 고려하여 충북의 농촌 인구정책의 방향을 우선 설정하였다. 방향은 농촌마을의 변화를 파악할 수 있는 데이터 구축과 마을의 재생 및 재구조화 대응을 위한 역할을 수행할 수 있는 주체를 육성하자는 것, 농촌마을 소멸에 대해 다양하고 적절한 방향을 설정하는 것, 설정된 방향에 따른 구체적이고 실천적인 사업을 도출하자는 것이다. 이러한 대응방향을 기준으로 4가지의 전략과 12개의 과제방향을 제시하였다. 첫 번째인 변화파악과 데이터 구축에서는 농촌마을의 인구변화를 모니터링하고 마을과 관련된 빅데이터를 구축되어야 한다. 이와 함께 마을에 대한 생각과 방향에 대해 주민 인식조사를 정기적으로 시행하여야 한다. 두 번째, 주체육성에서는 지자체 별로 농촌소멸에 대응할 수 있는 TF를 구성하여야 한다. 소멸은 농촌마을부터 오는 것으로 이를 어떻게 대응할지 신속하게 판단하고 사업과 연계 시켜야 한다. 이를 위하여 농촌소멸에 대응할 수 있는 적극적인 주체를 육성하여야 하고 이들의 활동을 행재정적인 지원이 이루어져야 한다. 대응을 농촌마을에서 진행하는 것이 가장 바람직하나, 분석에서도 보았듯이 농촌마을은 현재 지속가능성 자체를 담보할 수 없는 상황으로 새로운 주체의 역할이 필요하다. 세 번째는 소멸정책의 방향을 설정하여야 한다. 소멸이 과연 방지될 수 있는 상황인지를 진단하고 만약 그렇지 못할 경우 소멸된 지역을 어떻게 육성할지 고민되어야 한다. 마지막은 설정된 방향에 따라 전략과 사업이 도출되어야 한다. 이때, 전략과 사업은 기존에 시행하는 마을만들기사업을 비롯한 사업구조에서 탈피하여 주민이 자율적으로 시행할 수 있는 사업구조가 마련되어야 한다.
본 연구는 충북의 농촌마을의 인구현황에 대해 시행한 최초의 연구라는 의의를 가지고 있다. 하지만, 전체 농촌마을에 대한 데이터를 구득하지 못한 점과 다양한 분석이 이루어지지 않았다는 한계를 지니고 있다. 하지만, 농촌마을(행정리)에 대한 경계 데이터가 존재하지 않는 이상 그 어떤 공간분석도 가능할 수 없다. 도시에서 수행하듯이 격자단위로 연구를 시행할 수도 있지만, 행정적 인식이 명확하고 도시와 같이 조밀한 인구분포를 보이지 않는 농촌의 상황을 고려하면 행정리 단위의 공간분석이 이루어지는 것이 가장 바람직하다.
이에 본 연구를 시작점으로 향후 농촌마을의 지속과 소멸된 마을에 대한 공간의 재활용 및 재구조화를 위해 행정리 단위의 경계지도의 구축이 절실히 요구되고 있으며, 이를 바탕으로 농촌소멸을 넘어 국토 공간의 활용성 제고를 위한 새로운 연구가 시행되어야 한다.

Ⅰ. 서 론 ····························································································································1

1. 연구배경과 목적 ·······················································································································3

2. 연구내용 및 방법 ···················································································································7

3. 연구 추진체계 ····················································································································10

Ⅱ. 이론적 고찰 ················································································································11

1. 선행연구 ·······························································································································13

2. 정부의 농촌정책 방향 ··········································································································21

3. 용어의 정의 ··························································································································24

Ⅲ. 분석대상 및 방법 ·····································································································27

1. 분석대상 ·································································································································29

2. 분석방법 ·······························································································································33

Ⅳ. 충북 농촌마을 인구현황 ··························································································35

1. 충북 농촌 인구개괄 ·············································································································37

2. 충북 농촌마을 인구현황 ······································································································44

3. 분석 종합 ·····························································································································60

Ⅴ. 충북 농촌마을 대응전략 ························································································63

1. 충북 농촌마을 재생 및 재구조화를 위한 대응방향 ···························································65

2. 충북 농촌마을 재생 및 재구조화를 위한 대응전략 ···························································68

Ⅵ. 결론 및 제언 ········································································································73

1. 결론 ····································································································································75

2. 제언 ··································································································································77

참고문헌 ····························································································································79

ABSTRACT ······················································································································82